Minerals

Minerals are indispensable chemical elements that fulfill a myriad of physiological functions essential for human health. A categorization demarcates them into major minerals and trace minerals. Major minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, are fundamental for bone health, as substantiated by numerous studies (NIH, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research). Sodium, chloride, and potassium govern fluid balance and cellular function, whereas sulfur plays a crucial role in amino acid structure. Trace minerals such as iron and copper are integral for enzymatic reactions and oxygen transport, and deficiencies can lead to pathological conditions (Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology). Zinc and selenium have been found to be essential for immune function, and iodine is critical for thyroid hormone synthesis (Endocrine Reviews). Chromium, manganese, and molybdenum also serve specialized roles in metabolic pathways (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta). The evidence-based guidelines for mineral intake come from extensive clinical research that elucidates their respective roles in maintaining cellular function, metabolic health, and overall vitality.