In Western medicine, constipation is characterized by symptoms such as hard, dry feces and infrequent, painful defecation, often resulting in complications like hemorrhoids (Mugie et al., 2011, The Journal of Pediatrics).
On the other hand, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) identifies five unique patterns of disharmony associated with constipation, including Liver Qi stagnation and Liver wind agitation due to internal liver fire (Ding et al., 2015, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Cheng et al., 2009, The American Journal of Chinese Medicine). These differing viewpoints provide complementary diagnostic and treatment methodologies for constipation. However, further empirical research is required for validation and to establish a comprehensive approach to constipation management (Zhong et al., 2019, World Journal of Gastroenterology).
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